Maxwell’s equation
Gauss’s Law
Charge <-> Electric field Flux
一个体积内的电荷 vs 这个体积表面的通量
$$ \nabla \cdot E = \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0} $$- 点电荷 $$ \rho = Q \delta(r) $$
???
$$ \int_S E \cdot dS = \int_V \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0} dV $$$$ LS= E \cdot R^2 dr d\theta $$$$ RS = \int \frac{Q \delta(r)}{\epsilon_0} dV $$
…
$$ dq = \ldots $$
…
Q1. Find the electric potential distribution due to a sphere, a cylinder, and a film with uniform charge density $\rho$
- sphere $$ \int E \cdot dS = \frac{q}{\epsilon_0} $$
- 球外 $$ \frac{q}{\epsilon_0}=\frac{\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 \rho}{\epsilon_0} $$
- 球内 $$ \frac{q}{\epsilon_0}=\frac{\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 \rho}{\epsilon_0} $$
球壳,外面的电荷:
- 外面不会有 非径向,旋度
- 径向 积分为0
非均匀的带电体,内部画个圆的圆面上的$\int E dS$,$E$ 提不出来
- cylinder
- film ….
Surface Charges and Discontinuous
$$ \hat{n} \times (E_{+}-E_-) = 0 $$$$ E_+ = E_{||} + E_{\perp} $$means: $E_{||}$ 在表面是0
Electrostatic Equilibrium
Can we have a stable electrostatic system by only using a set of charges?
Argument:
背景场产生的电场指向中心,使得稳定,所以圈内有电荷,矛盾
Thompson, Putting
- 静电荷不能稳定
- 电子动要辐射
所以就说负电荷粘在一个正电荷的 pudding,至于正电荷如何稳定不管